What are the Different Parts of the CPU?

A CPU has various components which are dedicated to performing certain specific functions. The various components are: 

The Storage or the Memory Unit: 
As per its name, this unit is dedicated to storing all information and data that is saved on the computer system. This data is supplied whenever the user needs it. It is also sometimes referred to as the internal storage unit.
There are also two types of memories in a computer, including primary memory and secondary memory. Some functions that are performed by the memory unit are:
It is used for storing intermediate results of processing.
It can store all the data and instructions that are required for processing.All inputs and outputs are transmitted with the help of the main memory.
It helps in storing the final results of processing. This is done before these results are released to an output device.

The Control Unit:
This part of the CPU is responsible for handling all operations of the system. But does not actually carry out specific functions related to data processing. This unit uses electrical signals to execute all processes for the system. It controls the transfer of data, input/output functions and coordinates all internal working of the hardware. 

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):
As the name indicates, this unit mainly consists of two subsections. The first is the arithmetic section, and the second is the logic section. The function of the arithmetic section is to perform various arithmetic operations. Some arithmetic operations that are usually performed include addition, division, multiplication, and subtraction.
You should note that all complex operations are performed by making repetitive use of the operations that are mentioned above. The logic section, on the other hand, performs the function of carrying out logic operations. Some logic operations are comparing, merging, selecting, and matching data. 

The Types of CPU
If we look at the market's current statistics, then it is not difficult to deduce that AMD and Intel manufacture most CPUs. Both of these manufacturers have built their CPUs. This is not to say that there are no other types of CPUs in the market. In this section, we will learn just what those different types of CPUs are. 
We have created a list of those different types of CPUs. And that list is mentioned below-

Single Core CPU
This is the oldest type of computer CPUs. These CPUs were used during the 1970s. As the name indicates, these types of CPUs only have a single core that processes different operations.This means that the CPU can only process one operation at a time. The CPU continuously switches between different sets of data streams whenever more than one program is started. This is why this type of CPU is not suitable for multitasking. This is because this would reduce the quality of performance of the CPU.
It is almost essential to note that these CPUs are primarily dependent on the clock speed. These CPUs are also used in various devices to the present day. For example, these CPUs are used in modern smartphones.

Dual-Core CPU
Dual-Core CPUs contain two cores within a single Integrated Circuit (IC). Each core also has its cache and controller. These controllers and cache are linked together to work as a single unit. This is why these CPUs can work faster than the single-core processors. These types of CPUs are better at handling multitasking more efficiently in comparison to single-core processors.

Quad-Core CPU
Quad-Core CPUs come with two dual-core processors present within a single integrated circuit (IC) or chip. This means that a quad-core processor contains a chip with four independent units, also known as cores.These cores are capable of reading and executing various instructions provided by the CPU. 
The cores can also run multiple instructions at the same time. This increases the overall speed for programs that are compatible with parallel processing.
Readers might be interested to learn that quad-core CPUs use a technology that allows all the four independent processing units or cores to run parallelly on a single chip. This integrates the multiple cores within a single CPU. And it results in higher performance that can be generated without even boosting the overall clock speed. 
 
The History of CPU
The CPU history had hit many vital milestones since 1823 when Baron Jons Jakob Berzelius discovered silicon, which is used as the main component for producing CPUs to this day.
Another significant milestone was achieved in 1903 when Nikola Tesla got gates, also known as switches, patented. These gates are used as electrical logic circuits. In December of 1947, John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley also invented the first transistor. This was done at the Bell Laboratories and was patented in 1948.
Further, in 1958, the first working integrated circuit was built by Robert Noyce and Jack Kilby. In 1960, IBM established the first facility used for the mass-production of transistors. This was done in New York.
Another significant milestone was achieved when Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore founded Intel Corporation in 1968. AMD or Advanced Micro Devices were launched in May of 1969. And Intel introduced its first microprocessing, called the Intel 4004, in 1971. This was done with the help of Ted Hoff.
Intel was responsible for another victory when it introduced its 8008 processor in 1972, Intel 8086 in 1976, and Intel 8088 in June 1979. Also, during 1979, a 16 / 32-bit processor called the Motorola 68000 was released. This processor was later used for the Apple Macintosh and Amiga computers.

The SPARC processor was also introduced by the Sun in 1987. In March 1991, AMD introduced the AM386 microprocessor family. Intel did not say far behind as it released the Pentium processor in March 1993.
!995 also saw the release of the Cx5x86 processor by Cyrix. This processor gave great competition to the Intel Pentium processors. In January 1999, Intel introduced the Celeron 366 MHZ and 400 MHz processors. 
AMD came back in April 2005 with its first dual-core processor. Intel also produced the Core 2 Dual processor in 2006. Intel also introduced the first series of Intel Atom processors, the Z5xx series, in April 2008. These were single-core processors that had a 200 MHz GPU.
Intel did not stop there and released the first Core i5 desktop processor with four cores in September of 2009. In January 2010, Intel released many other processors like Core 2 Quad processor Q9500, the first Core i3 and i5 mobile processors, first Core i3 and i5 desktop processors. In the same year, in July, they also released the first Core i7 desktop processor that had six cores!
In June 2017, Intel introduced its first Core i9 desktop processor, and in April 2018, Intel released its first Core i9 mobile processor. However, this is not where everything ends. The history of CPUs is still being written as you read this.

What Is a CPU?

The central processing unit (CPU) is the computer component that's responsible for interpreting and executing most of the commands from the computer's other hardware and software.

Types of Devices That Use CPUs
All sorts of devices use a CPU, including desktop, laptop, and tablet computers, smartphones, even your flat-screen television set.
Intel and AMD are the two most popular CPU manufacturers for desktops, laptops, and servers, while Apple, NVIDIA, and Qualcomm are big smartphone and tablet CPU makers.
You may see many different names used to describe the CPU, including processor, computer processor, microprocessor, central processor, and "the brains of the computer."
Computer monitors or hard drives are sometimes very incorrectly referred to as the CPU, but those pieces of hardware serve entirely different purposes and are in no way the same thing as the CPU.

What a CPU Looks Like and Where It's Located?
A modern CPU is usually small and square, with many short, rounded, metallic connectors on its underside. Some older CPUs have pins instead of metallic connectors.
The CPU attaches directly to a CPU "socket" (or sometimes a "slot") on the motherboard. The CPU is inserted into the socket pin-side-down, and a small lever helps to secure the processor.
After running even a short while, modern CPUs can get very hot. To help dissipate this heat, it's almost always necessary to attach a heat sink and a fan directly on top of the CPU. Typically, these come bundled with a CPU purchase.

CPU Clock Speed
The clock speed of a processor is the number of instructions it can process in any given second, measured in gigahertz (GHz).
For example, a CPU has a clock speed of 1 Hz if it can process one piece of instruction every second. Extrapolating this to a more real-world example: a CPU with a clock speed of 3.0 GHz can process 3 billion instructions each second.

CPU Cores
Some devices use a single-core processor while others may have a dual-core (or quad-core, etc.) processor. Running two processor units working side-by-side means that the CPU can simultaneously manage twice the instructions every second, drastically improving performance.
Some CPUs can virtualize two cores for every one physical core that's available, a technique known as Hyper-Threading. Virtualizing means that a CPU with only four cores can function as if it has eight, with the additional virtual CPU cores referred to as separate threads. Physical cores, though, do perform better than virtual ones.
CPU permitting, some applications can use what's called multithreading. If a thread is understood as a single piece of a computer process, then using multiple threads in a single CPU core means more instructions can be understood and processed at once. Some software can take advantage of this feature on more than one CPU core, which means that even more instructions can be processed simultaneously.

Example: Intel Core i3 vs. i5 vs. i7
For a more specific example of how some CPUs are faster than others, let's look at how Intel has developed its processors.
Just as you'd probably suspect from their naming, Intel Core i7 chips perform better than i5 chips, which perform better than i3 chips. Why one performs better or worse than others is a bit more complex but still pretty easy to understand.
Intel Core i3 processors are dual-core processors, while i5 and i7 chips are quad-core. Turbo Boost is a feature in i5 and i7 chips that enables the processor to increase its clock speed past its base speed, like from 3.0 GHz to 3.5 GHz, whenever it needs to. Intel Core i3 chips don't have this capability. Processor models ending in "K" can be overclocked, which means this additional clock speed can be forced and utilized all the time; learn more about why you'd overclock your computer. Hyper-Threading enables the two threads to be processed per each CPU core. This means i3 processors with Hyper-Threading support just four simultaneous threads (since they're dual-core processors). Intel Core i5 processors don't support Hyper-Threading, which means they, too, can work with four threads at the same time. i7 processors, however, do support this technology, and therefore (being quad-core) can process 8 threads at the same time.

Due to the power constraints inherent in devices that don't have a continuous supply of power (battery-powered products like smartphones, tablets, etc.), their processors—regardless if they're i3, i5, or i7—differ from desktop CPUs in that they have to find a balance between performance and power consumption.